This is an outdated version published on 2022-02-26. Read the most recent version.

Enhancing Physical Appearance On Self Esteem: The Intensity Of Learning As A Moderation

Authors

  • Conny Tjandra Rahardja Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi YKPN Yogyakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.35591/wahana.v25i1.428

Keywords:

Physical appearance, self esteem, learning intensity

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of physical appearance on self-esteem with the intensity of learning via media as a moderating variable. The data were processed by regression analysis to examine the effect of physical appearance on self-esteem without involving moderation. The data were also tested with sub-group analysis to test whether the intensity of learning via media as a moderating variable was able to strengthen the effect of physical appearance on self-esteem. The test results without moderation denote that physical appearance has a positive effect on self-esteem. The results of the sub-group analysis indicate that the effect of physical appearance on self-esteem will be stronger for respondents who have the intensity of learning to exercise their faces and bodies regularly. Physical appearance positively and significantly affects self-esteem in respondents who have routine learning intensity. However, physical appearance does not affect self-esteem in respondents who have low learning intensity and are not routine. There are 144 respondents who joined in this research.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Balogun, O. M. (2012). Cultural and Cosmopolitan Idealized Femininity and Embodied Nationalism in Nigerian Beauty Pageants. Gender & Society, 26(3), 357–381. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0891243212438958

Barth, I., & Wagner, A.-L. (2017). Physical Appearance as Invisible Discrimination. Management and Diversity, 4, 127–146. https://doi.org/10.1108/s2051-233320160000004008

Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does High Self - Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happines or Healthier Lifestyle? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1–44.

Baumister, R. F. (1997). Identity, Self-Concept, The Self Esteem. In Handbook of Personality Psychology (pp. 681–710).

Benzeval, M., Green, M. J., & Macintyre, S. (2013). Does Perceived Physical Attractiveness in Adolescence Predict Better Socioeconomic Position in Adulthood? Evidence from 20 Years of Follow Up in a Population Cohort Study. PLoS ONE, 8(5), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063975

Bloch, P. H., & Richins, M. L. (1992). You Look “Mahvelousâ€: The Pursuit of Beauty and the Marketing Concept. Psychology & Marketing, 9(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.4220090103

Britton, A. M. (2012). The Beauty Industry ’s Influence on Women in Society. University of New Hampshire - Main Campus, acr47@wildcats.unh.edu Follow.

Caplan, R. D., Vinokur, A. D., Price, R. H., & van Ryn, M. (1989). Job Seeking, Reemployment, and Mental Health: A Randomized Field Experiment in Coping With Job Loss. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(5), 759–769. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.5.759

Ching, B. H., Wu, H. X., & Chen, T. T. (2021). Body weight contingent self-worth predicts depression in adolescent girls : The roles of self-esteem instability and interpersonal sexual objectification. Body Image, 36, 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.10.009

Chung Mi Sil. (2007). The Effect of Make-up attitude, Self-esteem, and Body satisfaction on Clothing behavior.pdf. Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association, 19(1), 35–45.

Duggan, M., Lenhart, A., Lampe, C., & Ellison, N. B. (2015). Parents and Social Media. Pew Research Center, July, 1–36. http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/07/16/parents-and-social-media/

Fardouly, J., Diedrichs, P. C., Vartanian, L. R., & Halliwell, E. (2015). The Mediating Role of Appearance Comparisons in the Relationship Between Media Usage and Self-Objectification in Young Women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39(4), 447–457. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684315581841

Fardouly, J., Pinkus, R. T., & Vartanian, L. R. (2017). The Impact of Appearance Comparisons Made through Social Media, Traditional Media, and in Person in Women’s Everyday Lives. Body Image, 20, 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.11.002

Fardouly, J., & Vartanian, L. R. (2015). Negative Comparisons about One’s Appearance Mediate the Relationship Between Facebook Usage and Body Image Concerns. Body Image, 12(1), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.10.004

Fardouly, J., Willburger, B. K., & Vartanian, L. R. (2018). Instagram use and young women’s body image concerns and self-objectification: Testing mediational pathways. New Media and Society, 20(4), 1380–1395. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817694499

Field, A. E., Cheung, L., Wolf, A. M., Herzog, D. B., Gortmaker, S. L., & Colditz, G. A. (1999). Exposure to the Mass Media and Weight Concerns among Girls. American Academy Pediatrics, 103(3), 5.

Fischer, T. (2014). Makeup, Youtube, and Amateur Media in the Twenty-First Century. Crash/Cut, 3, 1–8.

Goldman, W., & Lewis, P. (1977). Beautiful is Good: Evidence that the Physically Attractive are More Socially Skillful. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13(2), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1031(77)80005-X

Grabe, S., Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2014). The Role of the Media in Body Image Concerns Among Women : A Meta-Analysis of Experimental and Correlational Studies The Role of the Media in Body Image Concerns Among Women : A Meta-Analysis of Experimental and Correlational Studies. October. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460

Haekyung Yu;⋅Minsun Lee. (2020). Effects of the Virtual Makeup Using Beauty Makeup Applications on Mood, Body Satisfaction, and Self-Esteem among Female University Students. Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 44(4), 727–738. https://doi.org/10.5850/JKSCT.2020.44.4.727

Haferkamp, N., Eimler, S. C., Papadakis, A. M., & Kruck, J. V. (2012). Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus? Examining Gender Differences in Self-Presentation on Social Networking Sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(2), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber. 2011.0151

Heatherton, T. E., & Polivy, J. (1991). Development and Validation of a Scale for Measuring State Self-Esteem. 6, 895–910.

Henggaryadi, G. (2012). Hubungan antara Body Image dengan Harga Diri pada Remaja Pria yang Mengikuti Latihan. Universitas Gunadarma Online, 00, 1–23.

Hogue, J. V., & Mills, J. S. (2019). The effects of active social media engagement with peers on body image in young women. Body Image, 28, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.11.002

Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). The Nature and Function Self Esteem - Sociometer Theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 1–62.

Lee, H., & Oh, H. (2018). The Effects of Self-Esteem on Makeup Involvement and Makeup Satisfaction among Elementary Students. Archives of Design Research, 31(2), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.15187/adr.2018.05.31.2.87

Lee, J., & Yen, C. (2014). ScienceDirect Associations between Body Weight and Depression, Social Phobia, Insomnia, and Self-Esteem among Taiwanese Adolescents. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 30(12), 625–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2014.09.005

Meyers-Levy, J., & Zhu, R. J. (2012). Perhaps the Store Made You Purchase It: Toward an Understanding of Structural Aspects of Indoor Shopping Environments. In Visual Marketing: From Attention to Action (Issue January 2008). https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203809617

Michael, D., Bentley, R., Cobourne, M. T., Gibilaro, A., Good, S., Huppa, C., Shaun, N., Higgins, L. O., Patel, S., & Timothy, J. (2008). The Impact of Idealised Facial Images on Satisfaction with Facial Appearance : Comparing ‘Ideal’ and ‘Average’ Faces. Journal of Dentistry, 36, 711–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2008.05.002

Mulgrew, K. E., Schulz, K., Norton, O., & Tiggemann, M. (2020). The Effect of Thin and Average-Sized Models on Women’s Appearance and Functionality Satisfaction: Does Pose Matter? Body Image, 32, 128–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.12.004

Onyibo, N. K. (2015). Self Esteem and Social Anxiety as Determinants of Dispositional Embarrassment among Workers. African and Global Perspectives, 1(1).

Patrick, H., Neighbors, C., & Knee, C. R. (2004). Appearance-Related Social Comparisons: The Role of Contingent Self-Esteem and Self-Perceptions of Attractiveness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(4), 501–514. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203261891

Perloff, R. M. (2014). Social Media Effects on Young Women???s Body Image Concerns: Theoretical Perspectives and an Agenda for Research. Sex Roles, 71(11–12), 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0384-6

Sages, R. A., & Grable, J. E. (2011). A Test of the Theory of Self-Esteem : A Consumer Behavior Perspective. In The 57th Annual Conference of the American, 57(2002), 90.

Salmela-Aro, K., & Nurmi, J. E. (2007). Self-Esteem during University Studies Predicts Career Characteristics 10 Years Later. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(3), 463–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jvb.2007.01.006

Solnick, S. J., & Schweitzer, M. E. (1999). The Influence of Physical Attractiveness and Gender on Ultimatum Game Decisions. Organization Behavior and Human Decision Proceseses, 79(3), 199–215.

Steinsbekk, S., Wichstrøm, L., Stenseng, F., Nesi, J., Hygen, B. W., & Skalická, V. (2021). The Impact of Social Media Use on Appearance Self-Esteem from Childhood to Adolescence – A 3-Wave Community Study. Computers in Human Behavior, 114(7491). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106528

Tran, A., Rosales, R., & Copes, L. (2020). Paint a Better Mood? Effects of Makeup Use on YouTube Beauty Influencers’ Self-Esteem. SAGE Open, 10(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020933591

Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2002). Self-Esteem and Socioeconomic Status : A Meta-Analytic Review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(1), 59–71.

Vinokur, A. D., & Schul, Y. (1997). Mastery and inoculation against setbacks as active ingredients in the JOBS intervention for the unemployed. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 867–877. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.65.5.867

Walter, K. V., Conroy-Beam, D., Buss, D. M., Asao, K., Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Aavik, T., Akello, G., Alhabahba, M. M., Alm, C., Amjad, N., Anjum, A., Atama, C. S., Atamtürk Duyar, D., Ayebare, R., Batres, C., Bendixen, M., Bensafia, A., Bizumic, B., … ZupanÄiÄ, M. (2020). Sex Differences in Mate Preferences Across 45 Countries: A Large-Scale Replication. Psychological Science, 31(4), 408–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620904154

Winefield, A. H., & Tiggemann, M. (1985). Psychological Correlates of Employment and Unemployment: Effects, Predisposing Factors, and Sex Differences. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 58(3), 229–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1985.tb00198.x

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_and_Blair_Fowler didownload Desember 2020

Downloads

Published

2022-02-26

Versions

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Enhancing Physical Appearance On Self Esteem: The Intensity Of Learning As A Moderation. (2022). Wahana: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen Dan Akuntansi, 25(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.35591/wahana.v25i1.428

Similar Articles

1-10 of 15

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.